Bradypus:
Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus
Maned Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus torquatus
Three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus
Pygmy Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus


Anderson, R. P. and C. O. Handley.  2001.  A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus.  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114(1): 1-33.  (type description, Bradypus pygmaeus)

-------- and -------- 2002.  Dwarfism in insular sloths: biogeography, selection, and evolutionary rate.  Evolution, 56(5): 1045-1058.

Anthony, J.  1953.  Mophologie externe du télencéphale dans le genre Bradypus L. (Edentata).  Mammalia, 17(3): 149-163.

Anthony, R.  1907.  Êtudes et recherches sur les Edentés Tardigrades et Gravigrades.  I. Les coupures génériques de la famille des Bradypodidae.  II. Les attitudes et la locomtion des Paresseux.  Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et générale, 4e série, tome 6: 31-72.

-------- 1909.  Recherches anatomiqques sur les Bradypes arboricoles, le squelette du Paresseux à collier.  Annales des Sciences Naturale, 9 série Zoologie, tome 9: 157-285.

Bargo, M.S.  2001.  The ground sloth Megatherium americanum: skull shape, bite forces, and diet.  Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 46(2): 173-192.

de Beaux, O.  1931.  Studi sui neonati dei mammiferi.  Il neonato di Bradypus tridactylus L.  Arch. Zool. Ital., 15: 35-82.

Becher, H.  1921.  Zur Kenntinis der Placenta von Bradypus tridactylus Zeitsch. f. Anat. u. Entwicklungsges, 61: 114 (quoted by Wislocki, 1928a).

Beebe, W.  1926.  The three-toed sloth.  Bradypus cuculliger cuculliger Wagler.  Zoologica, 7: 1-67.

Bell, T.  1835.  Observations on the neck of the Three-Toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus L.  Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1: 116.

Bielick, P.  1943.  Constiuição do plexus lumbo-sacralis no Bradypus tidactylus.  Ann. Fac. Med. São Paulo, 19: 7-11.

Blainville, H. M. D. de.  1839a.  Note sur les vertébres cervicales de l'Äi (Bradypus tridactylus Linn.).  Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sciences, Paris, 9: 762-764.

Blume, W.  1928.  Über den Verlauf der Luftröhre bei Bradypus tridactylus.  Anat. Anz., 65: 230-232.

Bozzini, C. E., J. A. P. Henriques and W. Ladosky.  1978.  Characterization of the blood volume and iron kinetics in the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 61(3): 417-418.

Cabral, A. M. S., C. P. da Costa and S. E. Huggins.  1980.  Cardiac output in the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 67(3): 527-530.

Carneiro Filho, J.  1953.  Histologia e histoquimica da adrenal da preguiça (Bradypus tridactylus).  Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 25: 309-317.

de Carvalho, C. T.  1960.  Notes on the Three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus ??, 24: 155-156.

Chiarello, A. G.  1998a.  Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the the Atlantic forest maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus.  Journal of Zoology, 246(1): 1-10.

-------- 1998b.  Diet of the Atlantic forest maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus.  Journal of Zoology, 246(1): 11.

Clauss, M.  2004.  The potential interplay of posture, digestive anatomy, density of ingesta and gravity in mammalian herbivores: why sloths do not rest upside down.  Mammal Review, 34(3): 241-245.

da Costa, B. L. S. A., V. F. Pessoa, J. D. Bousfield and R. J. Clarke.  1987.  Unusual distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus).  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 20(6): 741-748.

De Stefani Munao Diniz, L. and P. M. A. Oliveira.  1999.  Clinical problems of sloths (Bradypus sp. and Choloepus sp.) in captivity.  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30(1): 76.

Desmarest, M. A. G.  1816.  Bradypus torquatus Illig.; p. 327 in Noveau Dictionnáire d'Histoire Naturelle...vol. IV.  Paris.

Duarte, D. P. F., S. E. Huggins, and C. P. da Costa.  1981.  Effect of posture on the arterial blood pressure and heart rate of the sloth (Bradypus tridactylus).  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 14(6): 438.

--------, C. P. da Costa and S. E. Huggins.  1983a.  The autonomic component in blood pressure and heart rate effects of tilting in the three-toed sloth.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Comparative Pharmacology, 74(2): 485-492.

--------, S. E. Huggins, A. M. S. Cabral, and C. P. da Costa.  1983b.  Regulation of arterial pressure and heart rate of the sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) in response to posture changes.  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 16(5-6): 487.

--------, S. E. Huggins, C. P. da Costa and A. M. Leal.  1989.  Responses of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Comparative Pharmacology, 92(2): 405-411.

Fittipaldi, D. P., S. E. Huggins, and C. P. da Costa.  1981.  Influence of posture on the blood pressure and heart rate of the sloth (Bradypus tridactylus).  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 14(1): 119.

Fitzinger, L. J.  1871.  Die Arten der natürlichen Familie der Faulthiere (Bradypodes), nach äusseren und osteologischen Merkmalen. Sitz. Math.-Natur., kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 63(4): 331-405.

Foley, W. J., W. V. Engelhardt, and P. Charles-Dominique.  1995.  The passage of digesta, particle size, and in vitro fermentation rate in the three-toed sloth Bradypus tridactylus (Edentata: Bradypodidae).  Journal of Zoology, 236: 681-696.

Flower, W. H.  1885.  An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia.  Macmillan and Co., London, 382 pp.

Gervais, P.  1869.  Mémoire sur les Formes Cérébrales propres aux Édentés vivants et fossiles.  Nouv. Arch. Mus., 15: ?

Gilmore, D. P.  1991.  Effect of exogenous LHRH on plasma LH and sex steroid levels in the three-toed sloth Bradypus tridactylus.  Medical Science Research, 19: 333-335.

-------- 1995.  The three-toed sloth in biomedical research: An update on the repoductive and endocrine systems.  Medical Science Research, 23(9): 579-583.

Gilmore, D. P., C. P. Da Costa and D. P. F. Duarte.  2000.  An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths.  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33(2): 129-146.

Goffart, M.  1971.  Function and Form in the Sloth.  Pergamon Press.  225 pp.

Goldschmidt, B., J. C. C. De Almeida, and V. L. De Oliveira.  1995.  Visualization of nucleolar organizer regions in sloths (Bradypus variegatus and Scaeopus torquatus).  Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 18(1): 111.

Grabowski, N. T., A. Knierien and J. Hamann.  2002.  Comparison of major and minor milk constituents of a milk sample from the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in early lactation to common rearing formulae.  Zoologische Garten, 72(3): 177-188.

Gray, J. E.  1849.  On the genus Bradypus of Linnaeus.  Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 1849: 65-73.

-------- 1871.  Notes on the species of Bradypodidae in the British Museum.  Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 1871: 428-449.

Greene, H. W.  1989.  Agonistic behavior by three-toed sloths, Bradypus variegatus.  Biotropica, 21(4): 369-372.

Greenwood, A. D., C. Capelli, G. Possnert, and S. Pääbo.  1999.  Nuclear DNA sequences from Late Pleistocene megafauna.  Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(11): 1466-1473.

--------, J. Castresana, G. Feldmaier-Fuuchs, and S. Pääbo.   2001.  A Molecular Phylogeny of Two Extinct Sloths.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18(1): 94-103.

Guth, C.  1961.  La région temporale des Édentés.  Ph. D.  dissertation, L'Université de Paris.  Paris, France, 192 pp.

Hegner, R. and E. Schumaker.  1928.  Some intestinal amoebae and flagellates from the chimpanzee, three-toed sloth, sheep and guinea pig.  Journal of Parasitology, 15(1): 31-37.

Herbig-Sandreuther, A.  1964.  Neue Beobachtungen am venezolanischen Dreizehenfaultier, Bradypus infuscatus flaccidus, Gray (1849).  Acta Tropica, 21: 97-113.

Heuser, C. H. and G. B. Wislocki.  1935.  Early development of the sloth (Bradypus griseus) and its similarity to that of man.  Contributions to Embryology, Carnegie Institution Publication, 144(25): 1-13.

Humphry, G. M.  1870.  The myology of the limbs of the unau, the ai, the two-toed ant-eater and the pangolin.  Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 4: 17-78.

Jorge, W., and L. Pinder.  1990.  Chromosome study on the maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra).  Cytobios, 62: 21-25.

King, B. F., P. B. N. Pinheiro and R. L. Hunter.  1982.  The fine structure of the placental labyrinth in the sloth, Bradypus tridactylus.  Anatomical Record, 202(1): 15-22.

Kleinschmidt, T., J. Marz and G. Braunitzer.  1989.  The primary structure of pale-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus, Xenarthra) hemoglobin.  Biological Chemistry Hoppe Seyler, 370(4): 303-308.

Krakauer, A. H. and T. H. Krakauer.  1999.  Foraging of yellow-headed caracaras in the fur of a three-toed sloth.  Journal of Raptor Research, 33(3): 270.

Leidy, J.  1846.  Remarks upon the anatomy of the abdominal viscera of the sloth, Bradypus tridactylus Linn.  Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3(3): 72-74.

Luederwaldt, H.  1918.  Observações sobre a prequiça (Bradypus tridactylus, L.) em liberdade e no captiveiro.  Revista Museo Paulista, 10: 795-812.

Mackintosh, H. W.  1873.  On the myology of the genus Bradypus.  Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 2nd Series, 1: 517-529.

Mendel, F. C.  1985.  Use of hands and feet of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion.  Journal of Mammalogy, 66: 359-366.

Menegaux, A.  1908.  Sur le squelette du membre antérieur de Bradypus torquatus, Ill. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 147: 637-640.

-------- 1909a.  A propos d'Hemibradypus mareyi Anth. = Bradypus (Scaeopus) torquatus (Ill.).  Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 34: 27-32.

-------- 1909b.  Contribution à l'étude des Édentés actuels, Famille des Bradypodidés.  Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Général, 5 Série, tome 1: 277-344.

-------- and G. F. Meritt.  1976b.  Sex ratios of Hoffmann's sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, and three-toed sloth, Bradypus infuscatus Wagler, in Panama.  American Midland Naturalist, 96(2): 472-473.

Meritt, D. A. Jr.  1976.  Sex ratios of Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters and three-toed sloth, Bradypus infuscatus Wagler in Panama.  American Midland Naturalist, 96(2): 472-473.

Montgomery, G. G.  1983.  Bradypus variegatus (perezoso de tres dedos, three-toed sloth).  pp. 453-456 In D. H. Jansen (ed.), Costa Rican Natural History.  University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Montgomery, G. G., and M. E. Sunquist.  1972.  Resting respiration rates of free-living three-toed sloths.  Extrait de Mammalia, 36(3): 530-532.

-------- and M. E. Sunquist.  1974.  Contact-distress calls of young sloths.  Journal of Mammalogy, 55(1): 211-213.

-------- and M. E. Sunquist.  1978.  Habitat selection and use by two-toed and three-toed sloths;  pp. 329-359 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Monteiro, L. R. and A. S. Abe.  1999. Functional and historical determinants of shape in the scapula of Xenarthran mammals: evolution of a complex morphological structure.  Journal of Morphology, 241: 251-263.

Moraes, N., J. S. Morgante and C. Y. Miyaki.  2002.  Genetic diversity in different populations of sloths assessed by DNA fingerprinting.  Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(3): 503-508.

Moraes-Barros, N., J. A. B. Silva, C. Y. Miyaki and J. S. Morgante.  2006.  Comparative phylogeography of Atlantic forest endemic sloth (Bradypus torquatus) and the widespread three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra).  Genetica, 126: 189-198.

da Mota, D. L., L. L. George, P. P. B. Pinheiro and N. L. Pinheiro.  1989.  Some morphological and histochemical studies on the intestinal tract of the Brazilian sloth (Bradypus tridactlyus).  Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 135(2): 367-377.

--------, J. Yamada, L. L. George, and PP. B. N. Pinheiro.  1992.  An immunohistochemical study on the pancreatic endocrine cells of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus. Archives of Histology and Cytology, 55(2): 203-210.

de Moura, A. G., S. E. Huggins and S. G. Lines.  1983.  Sleep and waking in the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 76(2): 345-355.

Nagy, K. A., and G. G. Montgomery.  1980.  Field metabolic rate, water flux, and food consumption in three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus).  Journal of Mammalogy, 61(3): 465-472.

Naples, V. L.  1982.  Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths,  Bradypus and Choloepus.  American Museum Novitates, 2739: 1-41.

-------- 1985.  The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas (anteaters).  Pp. 173-189.  In G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Oliveira, L. H. A., C. P. da Costa and S. E. Huggins.  1980.  Cardiac mass, blood temperature and ventricular fibrillation: a study of the comparative physiology of the three-toed sloth and the domestic cat.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 67(3): 483-490.

Pinder, L.  1985.  Observações preliminares sobre a preguiça de coleira (Bradypus torquatus) (Illiger, 1811) (Edentata, Bradypodidae).  pp. 290-291.  In Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Ed.), Campinas: XII Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia.&nbps; Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

-------- 1986.  Conservation of the maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus).  Report to World Wildlife Fund, 107 pp.

-------- 1993.  Body measurements, karyotype, and birth frequencies of maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus).  Mammalia, 57: 43-48.

Pinheiro, P. B. N., H. B. Coutinho, F. J. C. Aguiar, R. G. Pessoa, P. A. Abrahamsohn, D. J. Pallot, and V. B. Coutinho.  1981.  Some histological and histochemical studies of the pancreas of the Brasilian sloth, Bradypus tridactylus.  Acta Anatomica, 109(3): 280-288.

Poche, F.  1908.  Über die Anatomie und die systematische Stellung von Bradypus torquatus (Ill.).  Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33: 567-580.

-------- 1911.  Neue Untersuchungen über die Anatomie und die systematische Stellung von Scaeopus torquatus, nebst Bemerkungen über die morphologische Bedeutung des basalen Gliedes des Radius I des Säugetierchiridiums.  Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 77: 33-49.

Ratcliffe, B. C.  1980.  New species of Coprini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) taken from the pelage of three-toed sloths (Bradypus tridactylus L.) (Edentata: Bradypodidae) in central Amazonia with a brief commentary on scarab-sloth relationships.  Coleopterists Bulletin, 34(4): 337-350.

Richard-Hanssen, C., and E. Taube.  1997.  Note on the reproductive behavior of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, in French Guiana.  Mammalia, 61(2): 259-263.

Santos, T. M. S.  1977.  Osteologia craniana de Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 e reavaliação do gênero Scaeopus Peters, 1865.  Masters Thesis.  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.

Saraiva, P. E. S. and B. Magalhaes-Castro.  1975.  Sensory and motor representation in the cerebral cortex of the three-toed sloths (Bradypus tridactylus).  Brain Research, 90(2): 181-193.

Schinz, H. R.  1825.  Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschiechte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Volume IV.  Stuttgart and Tübingen.  (Type description, Bradypus variegatus)

Sicher, H.  1944.  Masticatory apparatus of the sloths.  Fieldiana, Zoology, 29:  161-168.

Simons, E. L., L. R. Godfrey, W. L. Jungers, P. S. Chatrath, and B. Rakotosamimanana.  1992.  A new giant subfossil lemur, Babakotia, and the evolution of sloth lemurs.  Folia Primatol, 58: 197-203.

Sunquist, M. E., and G. G. Montgomery.  1973.  Activity patterns and rates of movement of two-toed and three-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infuscatus).  Journal of Mammology, 54: 946-954.

Taube, E., J. Keravec, J. Vié, and J. Duplantier.  1999.  Distribution of two sympatric species of sloths (Choloepus didactylus and Bradypus tridactylus) along the Sinnamary River, French Guiana.  Biotropica, 31(4): 686-692.

--------, J. Keravec, J. Vié, and J. Duplantier.  2001.  Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus: review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity.  Mammal Review, 31(3-4): 173-188.

Tury, E., A. C. Messias, K. Belak, and E. J. Gimeno.  2001.  Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus).  Journal of Comparative Pathology, 125: 228-231.

Valentinuzzi, M. E., E. del Valle Ruiz and C. P. da Costa.  1984.  Ventricular fibrillation threshold in the three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus).  Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Latinoamericana, 34(3): 313-322.

Wetzel, R. M. and D. Kock.  1973.  The identity of Bradypus variegatus Schinz (Mammalia, Edentata).  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 86(3): 25-34.

Wislocki, G. B.  1927.  On the placentation of the tridactyl sloth (Bradypus griseus) with a description of some characteristics of the fetus.  Contributions to Embryology, Carnegie Institution Publication, 19: 209-228.

-------- 1928.  Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  Journal of Morphology and Physiology, 46: 317-377.

Wujek, D. E. and P. Timpano.  1986.  Rufusia (Porphyridiales, Phragmonemataceae), a new red alga from sloth hair.  Brenesia, 25-26: 163-168.

Yonushonis, W. P., M. R. Elwell, P. G. Lawyer and E. C. Rabago.  1986.  Infection of a three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) by a Pneumocystis-like organism in Panama.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 22(4): 572-775.

Yoshiro T., F. U. Calderón, and R. Quesada.  1990.  Ultrastructural study of crystalloids in Sertoli cells of the three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus).  Cell and Tissue Research, 259: 599-602.



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