Choloepus ("lame foot")
Linné's Two-Toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus
Hoffmann's Two-Toed Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni

Adam, P. J.  1999.  Choloepus didactylus.  Mammalian Species, 621: 1-8.

Anthony, R.  1907.  Êtudes et recherches sur les Edentés Tardigrades et Gravigrades.  I. Les coupures génériques de la famille des Bradypodidae.  II. Les attitudes et la locomtion des Paresseux.  Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et générale, 4^e série, tome 6: 31-72.

-------- 1909.  Recherches anatomiqques sur les Bradypes arboricoles, le squelette du Paresseux à collier.  Annales des Sciences Naturale, 9 série Zoologie, tome 9: 157-285.

Barac, G.  1922.  Recherches  sur la bile de l'Unua, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters.  Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 71: 117-118.

Betz, E. H., G. Booz, and M. Goffart.  1967.  La corticosurrénale chez l'Unau (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 161: 1132-1134.

Bock, W. J. and E. G. Atkins.   1970.  A pseudoarthrosis in the forelimb of a sloth (Choloepus didactylus).  American Museum Novitates, 2439: 1-10.

Castro, B.  1996.  Sloths: are they running away from us? An overview of the natural history, husbandry and identification of sloth (Choloepus didactylus and Choloepus hoffmanni).  American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, 1996: 234-238.

Callens, M., J. Colle, M. A. Gerebtzoff, and M. Goffart.  1965.  Excitatory and depressive phenomena in the olfactory system of the sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 73: 748-761.

Cession-Fossion, A., and J. Leconte.  1962.  Présence d'hstamine et de substance P dans certains tissus de l'unau (Choloepus hoffmanni).  Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 70: 397-400.

Christensen, H. A. and A. Herrer.  1979.  Susceptibility of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) to Trypanosomatidae from two toes sloth (Edentata: Bradypodidae).  Journal of Medical Entomology, 16(5): 424-427.

Clauss, M.  2004.  The potential interplay of posture, digestive anatomy, density of ingesta and gravity in mammalian herbivores: why sloths do not rest upside down.  Mammal Review, 34(3): 241-245.

da Costa, B. L. S. A., V. F. Pessoa, J. D. Bousfield and R. J. Clarke.  1989.  Ganglion cell size and distribution in the retina of the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus L.).  Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 22(2): 233-236.

De Stefani Munao Diniz, L. and P. M. A. Oliveira.  1999.  Clinical problems of sloths (Bradypus sp. and Choloepus sp.) in captivity.  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30(1): 76.

Dennis, C., C. Jeuniaux, M. A. Gerebtzoff, and M. Goffart.  1967.  La digestion stomacale chez un paressux, l'unau Choloepus hoffmanni Peters.  Annls Soc. r. zool. Belg., 97: 9-29.

DiGiusto, C. G.  1993.  An ethogram and time budget of Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni.  Master's thesis, State University of New York: 129.

Eisenberg, J. F., and E. Maliniak.  1985.  Maintenance and reproduction of the two-toed sloth Choloepus didactylus in captivity; pp. 327-331 In G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Flower, W. H.  1885.  An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia.  Macmillan and Co., London, 382 pp.

Galetti, M. and O. de Carvalho.  2000.  Sloths in the diet of a harpy eagle nestling in eastern Amazon.  Wilson Bulletin, 112(4): 535-536.

Gervais, P.  1869.  Mémoire sur les Formes Cérébrales propres aux Édentés vivants et fossiles.  Nouv. Arch. Mus., 15: ?

Goffart, M.  1968.  The problem of slothfulness ins the didactyl sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters.  Electromyography, 8: 245-251.

-------- 1971.  Function and Form in the Sloth.  Pergamon Press, Oxford.  225 pp.

Grabowski, N. T., C. Izcalli, A. Knierien and J. H. Hamann.  2002.  Comparison of major and minor milk constituents of a milk sample from the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in early lactation to common rearing formulae.  Zoologische Garten, 72(3): 177-188.

Greenwood, A. D., C. Capelli, G. Possnert, and S. Pääbo.  1999.  Nuclear DNA sequences from Late Pleistocene megafauna.  Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(11): 1466-1473.

--------, J. Castresana, G. Feldmaier-Fuuchs, and S. Pääbo.   2001.  A Molecular Phylogeny of Two Extinct Sloths.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18(1): 94-103.

Guth, C.  1961.  La région temporale des Édentés.  Ph. D.  dissertation, L'Université de Paris.  Paris, France, 192 pp.

Hamrick, M. W., E. L. Simons, and W. L. Jungers.  2000.  New wrist bones of the Malagasy giant subfossil lemurs.  Journal of Human Evolution, 38: 635-650.

Herrer, A. and H. A. Christensen.  1980.  Leishmania brasiliensis in the Panamanian two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni.  American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 29(6): 1196-1200.

Horwath, S. T. and J. F. Toole.  1973.  Some observations on the circadian rhythm of Choloepus hoffmanni, the two-toed sloth.  Laboratory Animal Science, 23(3): 377-379.

Humphry, G. M.  1870.  The myology of the limbs of the unau, the ai, the two-toed ant-eater and the pangolin.  Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 4: 17-78.

Kawata, K. and K. M. Elsen.  1992.  Nutritional intake and food preference in Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni, in captivity.  Zoologische Garten, 62(2): 65-74.

-------- 1994.  Behavior of the Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni, in captivity.  Zoologische Garten, 64(1): 9-24.

Lainson, R. and J. J. Shaw.  1982.  Coccidia of Brazilian edentates: Eimeria cyclopei n. sp. from the sikly anteater, Cyclopes didactylus (Linn.) and Eimeria choloepi n. sp. from the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus (Linn.).  Systematic Parasitology, 4(3): 269-278.

Lucae, J. C. G.  1884.  Statik und Mechanic der Quadrupeden an dem Skelett und den Muskeln des Lemur und Choloepus.  Abhandlugen Senckenb. Naturf. Gesselsch., Frankfurt, 13: 1-92.

Mackintosh, H. W.  1875.  On the muscular anatomy of Choloepus didactylus.  Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 2nd Series, 2: 66-78.

Marvins, H. N. and B. R. Shook.  Hematological studies on the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 8: 187-189.

McCrane, M. P.  1966.  Birth, behavior and development of a hand reared two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus.  International Zoo Yearbook, 6: 187-189.

Meldrum, D. J., M. Dagosto, and J. White.  ??.  Hindlimb suspension and hind foot reversal in Varecia variegata and other arboreal mammals.  American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 103: 85-102.

Menegaux, A.  1909.  Contribution à l'étude des Édentés actuels, Famille des Bradypodidés.  Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Général, 5 Série, tome 1: 277-344.

Mendel, F. C.  1979.  The wrist joint of two-toed sloths: its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the Hominoidea.  Journal of Morphology, 162: 413-424.

-------- 1981a.  Use of hands and feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion.  Journal of Mammalogy, 62: 413-421.

-------- 1981b.  The hand of two-toed sloths: its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support.  Journal of Morphology, 169(1): 1-19.

-------- 1981c.  The foot of two-toed sloths: its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support.  Journal of Morphology, 170(3): 357-372.>

-------- 1985.  Adaptations for suspensory behavior in the limbs of two-toed sloths.  pp. 151-162 In G. G. Montgomery (Ed.) The Ecology and Evolution of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.

--------, D. Piggins, and D. R. Fish.  1985.  Vision of the two-toed sloths (Choloepus).  Journal of Mammalogy, 66(1): 197-200.

Meritt, D. A.  1973.  Edentate diets II.  Two-toed sloths.  Laboratory Animal Science, 23(4): 543-545.

-------- 1976a.  A simplified method for diagnosing parturition in Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni.  International Zoo Yearbook, 16: 152-153.

-------- 1976b.  Sex ratios of Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters and three-toed sloth, Bradypus infuscatus Wagler in Panama.  American Midland Naturalist, 96(2): 472-473.

-------- and G. F. Meritt.  1976b.  Sex ratios of Hoffmann's sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, and three-toed sloth, Bradypus infuscatus Wagler, in Panama.  American Midland Naturalist, 96(2): 472-473.

-------- 1985.  The two-toed Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni Peters.  pp. 333-341 In G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Meulders, M. J. Gybels, J. Bergmans, M. A. Gerebtzoff and M. Goffart.  1966.  Sensory projections of somatic, auditory and visual origen to the cerebral cortex of the sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  Journal of Comparative Neurology, 126: 535-546.

Moore, T. A. and N. Lamberski.  2001.  Retrospective study of morbidity and mortality in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus didactlyus) in North America; pp. 314-320 In C. K. Baer and M. M. Willette (eds.), Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, the National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference.  American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Orlando, Florida.

Montgomery, G. G. and M. E. Sunquist.  1974.  Contact-distress calls of young sloths.  Journal of Mammalogy, 55(1): 211-213.

-------- and M. E. Sunquist.  1978.  Habitat selection and use by two-toed and three-toed sloths;  pp. 329-359 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Monteiro, L. R. and A. S. Abe.  1999. Functional and historical determinants of shape in the scapula of Xenarthran mammals: evolution of a complex morphological structure.  Journal of Morphology, 241: 251-263.

Murata, K. and R. Masuda.  1996.  Molecular Biology: Gender determination of the Linne's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) using SRY amplified from hair.  Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 58(12): 1157-1161.

Naples, V. L.  1982.  Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths,  Bradypus and Choloepus.  American Museum Novitates, 2739: 1-41.

-------- 1985.  The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas (anteaters).  Pp. 173-189.  In G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Partridge, J.  1991.  The two-toed sloth.  International Zoo News, 38(4): 23-28.

Philippott, E., M. Goffart, and A. Dresse.  1965.  Le systeme surenalosympathique ches la parreseax, Choloepus hoffmanni Peteres.  Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 73: 476-504.

Poche, F.  1908.  Über die Anatomie und die systematische Stellung von Bradypus torquatus (Ill.).  Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33: 567-580.

-------- 1911.  Neue Untersuchungen über die Anatomie und die systematische Stellung von Scaeopus torquatus, nebst Bemerkungen über die morphologische Bedeutung des basalen Gliedes des Radius I des Säugetierchiridiums.  Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 77: 33-49.

Quandt, S. K. F. and J. W. Nesbit.  1992.  Disseminated histoplasmosis in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 23(3): 369-373.

Rappaport, A. B. and H. Hochman.  1988.  Cystic calculi as a cause of recurrent rectal prolapse in a sloth (Choloepus sp.).  Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 19(4): 235-236.

Richard-Hansen, C., N. Bello, and. J. Vié-Christophe.  1998.  Tool use by a red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) towards a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus).  Primates, 39(4): 545-548.

Schildger, B.  1997.  Simple methods for sex determination (verification) in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and short-nosed echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).  Zoologische Garten, 67(3): 92-98.

Shaw, J. J. and R. Lainson.  1973.  Toxoplasmosis of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, in Brazil.  Journal of Parasitology, 59(1): 206-207.

Sicher, H.  1944.  Masticatory apparatus of the sloths.  Fieldiana, Zoology 29:  161-168.

Simons, E. L., L. R. Godfrey, W. L. Jungers, P. S. Chatrath, and B. Rakotosamimanana.  1992.  A new giant subfossil lemur, Babakotia, and the evolution of sloth lemurs.  Folia Primatologica, 58: 197-203.

Sonta, S., I. Hayata, M. Sasaki and N. Kondo.  1980.  The karyotype and sex-determination mechanism in the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus.  Chromosome Information Service, 28: 15-17.

Stone, W. D.  1957.  The gestation period of the two-toed sloth.  Journal of Mammalogy, 38: 419.

Sunquist, M. E., and G. G. Montgomery.  1973.  Activity patterns and rates of movement of two-toed and three-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infuscatus).  Journal of Mammology, 54: 946-954.

Taube, E., J. Keravec, J. Vié, and J. Duplantier.  1999.  Distribution of two sympatric species of sloths (Choloepus didactylus and Bradypus tridactylus) along the Sinnamary River, French Guiana.  Biotropica, 31(4): 686-692.

--------, J. Keravec, J. Vié, and J. Duplantier.  2001.  Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus: review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity.  Mammal Review, 31(3-4): 173-188.

Veselovsky, Z.  1966.  A contribution to the knowledge of the reproduction and growth of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, at the Prague Zoo.  International Zoo Yearbook, 6: 147-153.

Vogel, I., B. de Thoisy and J. C. Vié.  1998.  A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in wild two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus).  Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34: 555-566.

--------, J. C. Vié, B. Moreau and B. de Thoisy.  1999.  Hematological and serum chemistry profiles of free-ranging southern two-toed sloths in French Guiana.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35: 531-535.

Volf, J.  1979.  Record longevity in the two-toed sloth, in Prague Zoo.  Ziva, 27(1): 33.

Wallace, C. and Y. C. Oppenheim.  1996.  Hematology and serum chemistry profiles of captive Hoffmann's two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 27(3): 339.

Watillon, M.  1969.  The eye of the sloth (Choloepus hoffmanniI Peters).  Acta Zoologica Pathol. Antverpiensia, 49: 107-122.

-------- and M. Goffart.  1965.  Implications physiologiques de la structure de l'oeil du paresseux (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 73: 163-166.

Wislocki, G. B.  1928a.  Observations on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sloths (Bradypus griseus griseus Gray and Choloepus hoffmanni Peters).  Journal of Morphology and Physiology, 46: 317-377.

Wujek, D. E. and P. Timpano.  1986.  Rufusia (Porphyridiales, Phragmonemataceae), a new red alga from sloth hair.  Brenesia, 25-26: 163-168.

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