Nothrotheriops
Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis

Akersten, W. A., and H. G. McDonald.  1991.  Nothrotheriops from the Pleistocene of Oklahoma and paleogeography of the genus.  Southwestern Naturalist, 36: 178-185.

Blair, G.  1980.  Fire at fossil cave.  Lapidary Journal, 34(3): 690.

Boyce, M. S., J. J. Boyce, A. Long and P. S. Martin.  1976.  Pleistocene extinctions.  Science, 191(4222): 102.

Carpenter, M. C. and J. I. Mead.  1999.  Late Pleistocene vertebrate communities of the lower Grand Canyon; Rampart and Muav caves.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3, Suppl.): 36.

De Iuliis, G.  1994.  Relationships of the Megatheriinae, Nothrotheriinae, and Planospinae: Some skeletal characteristics and their importance for phylogeny.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(4): 577-591.

Dundas, R. G.  1994.  The Fairmead landfill locality; a late Irvingtonian fauna from western Madera County, California.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 26(2): 49.

Dundas, R. G. and D. L. Blades.  1999.  The Fairmead landfill locality (Pleistocene, Irvingtonian), Madera County.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 31(7): 465.

Grabowski, N. T., A. Knierien and J. Hamann.  2002.  Comparison of major and minor milk constituents of a milk sample from the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in early lactation to common rearing formulae.  Zoologische Garten, 72(3): 177-188.

Grater, R. K.  1958.  Last stand of the ground sloth.  Arizona Highways, 34(7): 30-33.

Greenwood, A. D., J. Castresana, G. Feldmaier-Fuchs, and S. Pääbo.   2001.  A Molecular Phylogeny of Two Extinct Sloths.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18(1): 94-103.

Hansen, R. M.  1978.  Shasta ground sloth food habits, Rampart Cave, Arizona.  Paleobiology, 4: 302-319.

Hausman, L. A.  1936.  Further studies of the hair of the fossil ground sloth (Nothrotherium shastense) and of its problematical "ovate bodies".  American Journal of Science 31:  223-228.

Hay, O. P.  1916.  Description of two extinct Mammals of the order Xenarthra from the Pleistocene of Texas.  Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 51: 116-123.

Hill, C. A. and D. D. Gillette.  1987.  A uranium series date for the Shasta ground sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, from Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico.  Journal of Mammalogy, 68(3): 718-719.

Hofreiter, M., H. N. Poinar, W. G. Spaulding, K. Bauer, P. S. Martin, G. Possnert, and S. Pääbo.  2000.  A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation.  Molecular Ecology, 9(12): 1975-1984

Laudermilk, J. D., and P. A. Munz.  1934.  Plants in the dung of Nothrotherium from Gypsum Cave, Nevada.  Carnegie Institution of Washington, 483: 29-38.

-------- and --------  1938.  Plants in the dung of Nothrotherium from Rampart and Muav Caves, Arizona.  Carnegie Institution of Washington, 487: 271-281.

Leggette, R. M. and G. H. Taylor.  1932.  Ground-water supplies of Salt Lake City, Utah.  ??, ?: 9.

Logan, L. E.  1975.  The Quaternary vertebrate fauna of Upper Sloth Cave, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 7(2): 210.

Long, A., R. M. Hansen, and P. S. Martin.  1974.  Extinction of the Shasta ground sloth.  Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 85: 1943-1948.

-------- and P. S. Martin.  1974.  Death of American ground sloths.  Science, 186: 638-640.

Lull, R. S.  1929.  A remarkable ground sloth.  Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, 3: 1-39.

-------- 1930.  The ground sloth, <Nothrotherium.  American Journal of Science 20:  344-352.

-------- 1938.  [Review of] A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere by William Berryman Scott, 1937.  American Journal of Science, 35(207): 234-235.

Martin, P. S.  1975.  Sloth Droppings.  Natural History, 84(7): 74-81.

-------- and D. Shutler, Jr.  1959.  Paleoecology of the Rampart Cave ground sloth (Arizona).  Geological Society of American Bulletin, 70(2): 1734-1735.

-------- B. E. Sabels, and D. Shulter, Jr.  1961.  Rampart Cave coprolite and ecology of the Shasta ground sloth.  American Journal of Science, 259(2): 102-127.

--------, R. S. Thompson and A. Long.  1985.  Shasta ground sloth extinction; a test of the Blitzkrieg model.  Pp. 5-14, In (J. I. Mead and D. J. Meltzer, eds.) Environments and extinctions; man in late glacial North America.  ??

McDonald, H. G.  1985.  The Shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) in the Middle Pleistocene of Florida; pp. 95-104 In G. G. Montgomery (ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilininguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

-------- 1992.  Chester's sloths; the ground sloths of Rancho La Brea.  Terra, 31(1): 32-33.

Mead, J. I., L. D. Agenbroad, P. S. Martin, and O. K. Davis.  1984.  The mammoth and sloth dung from Bechan Cave in southern Utah.  Current Research (Orono, Me.), 1: 79-80.

-------- and L. D. Agenbroad.  1988.  Alluvial chronology and organic remains from southeastern Utah, Geological Society of America.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 20(7): 136.

Miller, W. E.  1977.  Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates from southern Baja California.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 9(4): 468.

Moodie, R. L.  1929.  The evidences of pyorrhea, dead teeth, and gingival infections in the mandibles of the Pleistocene giant wolf (Aenocyon dirus) from Rancho la Brea.  Studies in Paleodontology 4, 36(7): 414-419.

Naples, V. L.  1987a.  Reconstruction of cranial morphology and analysis of function in the Pleistocene ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae).  Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 389:  1-21.

Naples, V. L.  1987b.  Development of dental wear patterns in Nothrotheriops shastense.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7(3, Suppl.):21.

-------- 1990.  Morphological changes in the facial region and a model of dental growth and wear pattern development in Nothrotheriops shastensis.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 10(3):  372-389.

Packard, E. L.  1952.  Fossil edentates of Oregon.  Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Geology.  16pp.

Pajak, A. F., III,  1994.  Proboscideans and xenarthrans from the Temecula Basin, Riverside County, California.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(3, Suppl.): 41.

de Paula Couto, C.  1971.  On two small Pleistocene ground sloths.  Anales de la Academia Brasileira de Ciências (Supplemento), 43: 499-513.

-------- 1974.  The manus of Nothrotheriops shastense (Sinclair, 1905).  Anais do Congresso, 28(2): 165-176.

Phillips, A. M.  1984.  Shasta ground sloth extinction:  Fossil packrat midden evidence from the western Grand Canyon.  Pp. 148-158, In (P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, eds.) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution.  ??

Poinar, H. N., M. H. Hofreiter, W. G. Spaulding, P. S. Martin, B. A. Stankiewicz, H. Bland, R. P. Evershed, G. Possner, and S. Pääbo.  Molecular coproscopy:  Dung and diet of the extinct ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis.  Science, 281:  402-406.

--------, M. Kuch, G. McDonald, P. Martin and S. Pääbo.  2003.  Nuclear gene sequences from a late Pleistocene sloth coprolite.  Current Biology, 13: 1150-1152.

Reynolds, R. E.  1995.  The long outreach of the Devil Peak sloth.  Quarterly of San Bernardino County Museum Association, 42(2): 41.

Schmidt, G. D., D. W. Dusznynski, and P. S. Martin.  1992.  Parasites of the extinct shasta ground sloth, Nothrotheriops shatensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona.  Journal of Parasitology 78(5):  811-816.

Simons, E. L. and H. L. Alexander, Jr.  1964.  Age of the Shasta ground sloth from Aden Crater, New Mexico.  American Antiquity, 29(3): 390-391.

Sinclair, W. J.  1905.  New Mammalia from the Quaternary caves of California.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 4(7): 145-161.

Spaulding, W. G., and P. S. Martin.  1979.  Ground sloth dung of the Guadalupe Mountains; pp. 259-269 In H. H. Genoways and R. J. Baker (eds.), Biological Investigations in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas.  National Park Service, Washington, D. C.

Stock, C.  1913.  Nothrotherium and Megalonyx from the Pleistocene of southern California.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 7: 341-358.

-------- 1917a.  Recent studies of the skull and dentition of Nothrotherium from Rancho La Brea.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 10: 137-164.

-------- 1917b.  Occurrence of Nothrotherium in Pleistocene cave deposits of California.  Geological Society of America Bulletin, 28: 233.

-------- 1925.  Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea.  Carnegie Institute of Washington, 331: 1-206.

-------- 1931.  Problems of antiquity presented in Gypsum Cave, Nevada.  Scientific Monthly, 32: 22-32.

Thompson, R. S., T. R. Van Devender, P. S. Martin, T. Foppe, and A. Long.  1980.  Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastense Hoffstetter) at Shelter Cave, New Mexico: environment, diet, and extinction.  Quaternary Research 14:  360-376.

Waage, J. K.  1976.  Insect remains from ground sloth dung.  Journal of Paleontology, 50(5): 991.

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