Recent Publications (1992-2003)
Adam, P. J. 1999. Choloepus didactylus. Mammalian Species, 621: 1-8.
Anderson, R. P. and C. O. Handley. 2001. A new species of
three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra)
from
-------- and -------- 2002. Dwarfism in insular sloths: biogeography, selection, and evolutionary rate. Evolution, 56(5): 1045-1058.
Arredondo, C. and O. Arredondo. 2000. Nuevo genero y especie de perezoso (Edentata: Megalonychidae) del Pleistoceno de Cuba. Revista Biologia (Havana), 14(1): 66-72.
Bargo, M.S. 2001. The ground sloth Megatherium americanum: skull shape, bite forces, and diet. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 46(2): 173-192.
Bargo, M. S. and C. M. Deschamps. 1996. El registro de Mylodon Owen, 1840 (Mammalia, Tardigrada) en el Pleistoceno del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Comentarios sobre la distribucion de los "sedmentos pampeanos". Ameghiniana, 33(3): 343-348.
--------, S. F. Vizcaíno, F. M. Archuby, and R. E. Blanco. 2000. Limb bone proportions, strength and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) Mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(3): 601-610.
--------, G. De Iuliis and S. F. Vizcaíno. 2006a. Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 51(1): 53-61.
--------, N. Toledo and S. F. Vizcaíno. 2006b. Muzzle of South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada). Journal of Morphology, 267: 248-263.
Bergqvist, L. P., M. Gomide, C. Cartelle and R. Capilla. 1997. Faunas-locais de mamiferos Pleistocenicos de Itapipoca/Ceara, Taperoa/Paraiba e Campina grande-Paraiba; estudo comparativo, bioestratinomico e paleoambiental. Revista Universidade Guarulhos Geociencias, 2(6): 23-32.
Borrero, L. A. 1999. The faunas of the Pleistocene/Holocene Boundary in the Seno de la Ultima Esperanza, Chile. BAR International Series, 800: 59-62.
Brandoni, D., A. A. Carlini, F. Pujos and G. J. Scillato-Yané. 2004. The pes of Pyramiodontherium bergi (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga): the most complete pes of a Tertiary Megatheriinae. Geodiversitas, 26(4): 643-659.
Carlini, A. A. and G. J. Scillato-Yané. 1999. Evolution of Quaternary Xenarthrans (Mammalia) of Argentina. Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula, 12: 149-175.
--------, G. J. Scillato-Yané, J. I. Noriega and F. Acenolaza. 2000. Perezosos terrestres (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) del 'Mesopotamiense' (Fm. Ituzaingo, Micoceno tardio-Plioceno temprano) de la Provincia de Entre Rios, Argentina. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, 36: 13-27.
--------, G. J. Scillato-Yané and R. Sánchez. 2006. New Mylodontoidea (Xenarthra, Phyllophaga) from the middle Miocene-Pliocene of Venezuela. Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 4(3): 255-267.
Carranza Castañeda, O. and W. E. Miller. 2004. Late Tertiary terrestrial mammals from Central Mexico and their relationship to South American immigrants. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 7(2): 249-261.
Cartelle, C. 1992. Edentata
e megamamiferos herivoros extintos da Toca
dos Ossos (Ourolândia,
--------
and G. De Iuliis.
1995. Eremotherium laurillardi: the Panamerican
Late Pleistocene megatheriid sloth. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(4): 830-841.
Casinos, A. 1996. Bipedalism and quadrupedalism in Megatherium: an attempt at biomechanical reconstruction. Lethaia, 29: 87-96.
Castro, B. 1996. Sloths: are they running away from us? An overview of the natural history, husbandry and identification of sloth (Choloepus didactylus and Choloepus hoffmanni). American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, 1996: 234-238.
Chiarello, A. G. 1998a.
Activity budgets and ranging patterns of the the
Atlantic forest maned sloth, Bradypus
torquatus. Journal of Zoology, 246(1):
1-10.
-------- 1998b. Diet of the Atlantic forest maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus. Journal of Zoology, 246(1): 11-19.
Christensen, P. and R. A. Fariña. 2003. Mass estimation of two fossil ground sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Mylodontidae). Pp. 1-8 In R. A. Fariña, S. F. Vizcaíno and G. Storch (eds.), Morphological studies in fossil and extant Xenarthra (Mammalia). Senckenberiana biologica, 83(1).
Cisneros, J. C. 2005. New Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from El Salvador. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8(3): 239-255.
Clauss, M. 2004. The potential interplay of posture, digestive anatomy, density of ingesta and gravity in mammalian herbivores: why sloths do not rest upside down. Mammal Review, 34(3): 241-245.
De Iuliis, G. 2001. The morphology and function of the humerus in Megatheriinae (Xenarthra: Megatheriidae). Journal of Morphology, 248: 222.
-------- 2003. Toward a morphofunctional understanding of the humerus of Magatheriinae: the identity and homology of some diaphyseal humeral features (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 83: 69-78.
-------- 2006. On the taxonomic status of Megatherium sundti Philippi, 1893 (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae). Ameghiniana, 43(1): 161-169.
De Iuliis, G.
and P-A. St-Andre. 1997. Eremotherium sefvei nov. sp
(Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Ulloma, Bolivia. Geobios, 30(3): 453. --------
and C. Cartelle. 1999. A new giant megatheriine ground sloth from
the late Blancan to early Irvingonian of Florida. Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society, 127(4): 495-515.
De Stefani Munao Diniz, L. and P. M. A.
Oliveira.
1999. Clinical problems of sloths (Bradypus sp. and Choloepus
sp.) in captivity. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30(1):
76.
Delsuc, F., F. M. Catzeflis, M. J. Stanhope, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 268(1476): 1605-1615.DiGiusto, C. G. 1993. An ethogram and time budget of Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni. Master's thesis, State University of New York: 129.
--------, M. Scally, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong, F. M. Catzeflis, M. S. Springer, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living Xenarthans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19(10): 1656-1671.
--------, S. F. Vizcaíno and E. J.P. Douzery. 2004. Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4: 1-13.
Diveley, D. V. and L. G. Barnes. 1993. Assemblages of fossil terrestrial vertebrates on Pleistocene Palos Verdes Island, Southern California. PaleoBios, 14(4, Suppl.): 4.
Dozo, M. T. 1993. Estudios correlativos paleo-neoneurológicos en edentados xenartros (Mammalia, Edentata, Xenarthra): Neuroevolución. Tesis Doctorales (Resúmenes 1986-1990). Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Tesis 538: 284-287.
-------- 1994. Interpretación del molde endocraneano de Eucholoeops fronto, un Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada) del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia (Argentina). Ameghiniana, 31(4): 317-329.
Duarte, D. P. F., V. L. Silva, A. M. Jaguaribe, D. P. Gilmore and C. P. da Costa. 2003. Circadian rhythms in blood pressure in free-ranging three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus). Brazillian Journal of Medical Biological Research, 36(2): 273-278.
Dubois, C. M. F. and L. A. Borrero. 1997. Geoarchaeological perspectives on late Pleistocene faunas from Ultima Esperanza Sound, Magallanes, Chile. Anthropologie, 35(2): 207-213.
Dundas, R. G. 1994. The Fairmead landfill locality; a late Irvingtonian fauna from western Madera County, California. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 26(2): 49.
Dundas, R. G. and D. L. Blades. 1999. The Fairmead landfill locality (Pleistocene, Irvingtonian), Madera County. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 31(7): 465.
Fariña, R. A. 1996. Trophic relationships among Lujanian mammals. Evolutionary Theory, 11(2): 125-134.
Fariña, R. A. and R. E. Blanco. 1996. Megatherium, the stabber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 263: 1725-1729.
--------, S. F. Vizcaíno, and M. S. Barggo. 1998. Body mass estimations in Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna. Sarem: 87-108.
-------- and S. F. Vizcaíno. 2003. Slow moving or browsers? A note on nomenclature. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 83(1): 1-8.
Foley,
W. J., W. V. Engelhardt, and P.
Charles-Dominique. 1995. The passage of digesta,
particle size, and in vitro fermentation rate in the three-toed sloth Bradypus tridactylus
(Edentata: Bradypodidae).
Journal of Zoology, 236: 681-696.
Galetti, M. and O. de Carvalho.
2000. Sloths in the diet of a harpy eagle
nestling in eastern Amazon. Wilson Bulletin, 112(4): 535-536.
Gaudin, T. J. 1995. The ear region of Edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(3): 672-705.
-------- 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140(2): 255-305.
Goldschmidt, B., J. C. C. De Almeida, and V.
L. De Oliveira.
1995. Visualization of nucleolar
organizer regions in sloths (Bradypus
variegatus and Scaeopus
torquatus). Brazilian Journal of Genetics,
18(1): 111
Gillette,
Gilmore,
D. P. 1995. The three-toed sloth in biomedical research: An update
on the reproductive and endocrine systems. Medical Science Research,
23(9): 579-583.
Gilmore, D. P., C. P. Da Costa and D. P. F. Duarte. 2000. An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33(2): 129-146.
--------, -------- and --------
2001. Sloth Biology: An update on their physiological ecology, behavior
and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses. Brazilian Journal of
Medical and Biological Research, 34(1): 9-26.
Grabowski, N. T., C. Izcalli, A. Knierien and J. H. Hamann. 2002. Comparison of major and minor milk constituents of a milk sample from the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in early lactation to common rearing formulae. Zoologische Garten, 72(3): 177-188.
Grand, T. I. and P. Barboza. 2001. Anatomy and development of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus: an evolutionary perspective on the superfamily Vombatoidea. Anatomy and Embryology, 203(3): 211-223.
Greenwood, A. D., C. Capelli, G. Possnert, and S. Pääbo. 1999. Nuclear DNA sequences from Late Pleistocene megafauna. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(11): 1466-1473.
--------, J. Castresana, G. Feldmaier-Fuuchs, and S. Pääbo. 2001. A Molecular Phylogeny of Two Extinct Sloths. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18(1): 94-103.
Hernandez, G. 1992. Bioquimica de algunos desdentados extinguidos de Cuba. Archaeofauna, 1: 105-108.
Hill, R. V. 2006. Comparative anatomy and histology of xenarthran osteoderms. Journal of Morphology: 1-20.
Hilton, R. P., D. C. Dailey and H. G. McDonald. 2000. A late Pleistocene biota from the ARCO Arena site, Sacramento, California. PaleoBios, 20(1): 7-12.
Hofreiter, M., H. N. Poinar,
W. G. Spaulding, K. Bauer, P. S. Martin, G. Possnert,
and S. Pääbo. 2000. A molecular analysis
of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation.
Molecular Ecology, 9(12): 1975-1984
Hoss, M., A. Dilling, A. Currant, and S. Pääbo. 1996. Molecular phylogeny
of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii. Proceedings of the National
Kawata, K. and K. M. Elsen. 1992. Nutritional intake and food preference in Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni, in captivity. Zoologische Garten, 62(2): 65-74.
-------- 1994. Behavior of the Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni, in captivity. Zoologische Garten, 64(1): 9-24.
Krakauer, A. H. and T. H. Krakauer. 1999. Foraging of yellow-headed caracaras in the fur of a three-toed sloth. Journal of Raptor Research, 33(3): 270.
Lara-Ruiz, P. and A. G. Chiarello. 2005. Life-history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Journal of the Zoologial Society of London, 267: 63-73.
Long, A., P. S. Martin and H. Lagiglia. 1998. Ground sloth extinction and human occupation at Gruta del Indio, Argentina. Radiocarbon, 40(2): 693-700.
Lundelius, E. L., Jr. 1996. Pleistocene vertebrates of the Brazos River terraces of north-central Texas. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 28(1): 50.
McCarroll, S. M. and J. L. Dobie. 1994. Additional Pleistocene mammals from Bogue Creek, Dallas County, Alabama. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Sciences, 65(1): 16-27.
McDaniel, G. E., Jr., G. T. Jefferson and H. G. McDonald. 2001. A large Paramylodon harlani osteoderm layer from the Irvingtonian of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3, Suppl.): 79.
McDonald, H. G. 1992. Chester's sloths; the ground sloths of Rancho La Brea. Terra, 31(1): 32-33.
-------- 1993. Harlan's ground sloth, Glossotherium
harlani, from Pauba
Mesa,
--------
1995. Gravigrade xenarthrans
form the middle Pleistocene Leisey Shell Pit 1A,
--------
1996. Biogeography and paleoecology
of ground sloths in
-------- 2006. Sexual dimorphism in the skull of Harlan's ground sloth. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 510: 1-9.
McDonald, H. G., L. D. Agenbroad and C. A. Manganaro. 1994. Mylodont sloth in northern Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(3, Suppl.): 37.
-------- and C. de Muizon. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru: another group of mammals returns to water. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(3, supplement): 42.
--------, W. E. Miller and T. H. Morris.. 2001. Taphonomy and significance of Jefferson's ground sloth (Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Utah. Western North American Naturalist, 61(1): 64-77.
--------
and C. de Muizon. 2002. The cranial anatomy of Thalassocnus (Xenarthra, Mammalia), a derived nothrothere
form the Neogene of the Pisco
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--------, L. D. Agenbroad and C. Manganaro Haden. 2004. Late Pleistocene mylodont ground sloth Paramylodon harlani (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist, 49: 229-238.
-------- and S. Pelikan. 2006. Mammoths and mylodonts: Exotic species from two different continents in North America Pleistocene faunas. Quaternary International, 142-143: 229-241.
MacPhee, R. D. E., and M. A. Iturralde-Vincent. 1994. First Tertiary land mammal from
--------, J. L. White, and C. A. Woods. 2000. New megalonychid
sloths (Phyllophaga, Xenarthra) from the Quaternay of
Hispaniola.
Miller, W. E. and O. C. Castaneda. 1999. Early South American immigrants in central Mexico, and times of their appearances. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3, Suppl.): 64.
Moore, T. A. and N. Lamberski. 2001. Retrospective study of morbidity and mortality in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus didactlyus) in North America; pp. 314-320 In C. K. Baer and M. M. Willette (eds.), Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, the National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Orlando, Florida.
Moraes, N., J. S. Morgante and C. Y. Miyaki. 2002. Genetic diversity in different populations of sloths assessed by DNA fingerprinting. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(3): 503-508.
Moraes-Barros, N., J. A. B. Silva, C. Y. Miyaki and J. S. Morgante. 2006. Comparative phylogeography of Atlantic forest endemic sloth (Bradypus torquatus) and the widespread three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra). Genetica, 126: 189-198.
Morgan, G. S. and S. G. Lucas. 1999. Pliocene (Blancan) vertebrates from the Albuquerque Basin, north-central New Mexico. Guidebook - New Mexico Geological Society, 50: 363-370.
-------- and S. G. Lucas. 2003. Mammalian biochronology of Blancan and Irvingtonian (Pliocene and Early Pleistocene) faunas from New Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 279: 269-320.
da Mota, D. L., J. Yamada, L. L. George, and P. B. N. Pinheiro.
1992. An immunohistochemical study on the
pancreatic endocrine cells of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus
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Patterson, B., W. Seagall, and T. J. Gaudin. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (=Edentata, Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscelany. Fieldiana, Geology n.s. 24: 1-79.
Perez, L. M., G. De Iuliis and S. F. Vizcaino. 2000. El aparato hioideo de los perezosos terrestres (Xenarthra; Tardigrada); morfologia, evolucion y funcion. Ameghiniana, 37(4, Suppl.): 77.
Pinder, L. 1993. Body measurements, karyotype, and birth frequencies of maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus). Mammalia, 57: 43-48.
Pujos, F. 2000. Scelidodon chiliensis (Xenarthra, Mammalia) du Pleistocene terminal de "Pampa de los Fosiles" (Nord-Perou). Quaternaire, 11(3-4): 197-206.
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Pujos, F., G. De Iullis, C. Argot, and L. Werdelin. 2007. A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149: 179-235.
Quandt, S. K. F. and J. W. Nesbit. 1992. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 23(3): 369-373.
Rega, E., D. A. McFarlane, J. Lundberg, and K. Christenson. 2002. A new Megalonychid sloth from the late Wisconsinan of the Dominican Republic. Caribbean Journal of Science, 36(1-2): 11-19. (type description, Acratocnus simorhyncus)
Richard-Hanssen,
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Vogel, I., B. de Thoisy and J. C. Vié. 1998. A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in wild two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34: 555-566.
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