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Saint-André, P-A., and G. De Iuliis.  2001.  The smallest and most ancient representative of the genus Megatherium Cuvier, 1796 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Megatheriidae), from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano.  Geodiversitas, 23(4): 625-645.

Salas, R., F. Pujos and C. de Muizon.  2005.  Ossified meniscus and cyamo-fabella in some fossil sloths: a morpho-functional interpretation.  Geobios, 38: 389-394.

Salinas, P., J. A. Naranjo and L. G. Marshall.  1991.  Nuevos restos del perezoso gigante (Megatheriidae, Megatherium medinae) de la Formacion Chiuchiu, Cuenca del Rio Loa, Calama, norte de Chile.  Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria - Record of the Proceedings of the 6th Chilean Geological Congress: 306-309.

Salmi, M.  1955.  Additional information of the findings in the Mylodon cave at Ultima Esperanza.  Acta Geographica, 14: 314-333.

Sankey, J. T.  1989.  Late Blancan vertebrates from the upper Glenns Ferry Formation, southwestern Idaho.  Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 21(6): 342.

Santos, J. C. R., and G. De Iuliis.  1993.  Nova interpretaçao sistemática de Urumacotherium garciai Bocquentin-Villanueva, 1984, um Edentata-Tardigrada do Huayueriense da Venezuela.  Ameghiniana, 30: 340.

Santos, T. M. S.  1977.  Osteologia craniana de Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 e reavaliação do gênero Scaeopus Peters, 1865.  Master's Thesis.  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.

Saraiva, P. E. S. and B. Magalhaes-Castro.  1975.  Sensory and motor representation in the cerebral cortex of the three-toed sloths (Bradypus tridactylus).  Brain Research, 90(2): 181-193.

Sarich, V. M.  1985.  Xenarthran systematics:  albumin immunological evidence;  pp. 77-87 in  G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The Ecology and Evolution of the Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.

Savage, D. E.  1946.  A mandible of Megalonyx from Oklahoma.  Journal of Mammalogy, 27(4): 388-390. (Type description, Megalonyx jeffersoni oklahomensis)

Savage, J. M.  1974.  The isthmian link and the evolution of neotropical mammals.  Contributions in Science, 260: 1-51.

Schildger, B.  1997.  Simple methods for sex determination (verification) in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and short-nosed echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).  Zoologische Garten, 67(3): 92-98.

Schinz, H. R.  1825.  Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschiechte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Volume IV.  Stuttgart and Tübingen.  (Type description, Bradypus variegatus)

Schmidt, G. D., D. W. Dusznynski, and P. S. Martin.  1992.  Parasites of the extinct shasta ground sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona.  Journal of Parasitology, 78(5): 811-816.

Schubert, B. W., R. W. Graham, H. G. McDonald, E. C. Grimm and T. W. Stafford, Jr.  2004.  Latest Pleistocene paleoecology of Jefferson's ground sloth (Megalonyx jeffersonii) and elk-moose (Cervalces scotti) in northern Illinois.  Quaternary Research, 61: 231-240.

Schulthess, B.  1920.  Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Xenarthra auf Grund der "Santiago Roth'schen Sammlung" des Zoologischen Museum der Universität Zürich, das Skelett der Hand und des Fusses der Xenarthra, etc.  Mémoires de la Societe Paléontologique Suisse, 44: 1-120.

Scillato-Yané, G. J.  1976a.  Sobre algunos restos de Mylodon(?) listai (Edentata, Tardigrada) procedentes de la cueva "Las Buitreras" (provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina).  Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología N.S., 10: 309-312.

-------- 1976b.  El más antiguo Mylodontinae (Edentata, Tardigrada) conocido: Glossotheriops pascuali n. gen. n. sp. del “Colloncurense” (Mioceno Superior) de la provincial de Rio Negro (Argentina).  Ameghiniana, 13: 333-334.

-------- 1977.  Octomylodontinae:  nueva subfamilia de Mylodontidae (Edentata, Tardigrada).  Descripción del caráneo y mandíbula de Octomylodon robertoscagliai n. sp., procedentes de la Formación Arroo Chasico (Edad Chasiquense, Plioceno Temprano) del sur de al Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina).  Algunos consideraciones filogenéticas y sistemáticas sobre los Mylodontoidea.  Publicaciones del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata "Lorenzo Scaglia", 2: 123-140.  (type description, Octomylodon robertoscagliai)

-------- 1979.  Nuevo Nothrotheriinae (Edentata, Tardigrada) de Edad Chasiquense (Plioceno temprano) del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Su importancia bioestratigráfica, filogenética y paleobiogeográfica.  Actas do VII Congreso Geológico Argentino (Neuquén, 1978), 2: 449-457.

-------- 1980.  Nuevo Magalonychidae (Edentata, Tardigrada) del "Mesopotamiense" (Mioceno tardio-Plioceno) de la Provincia de Entre Riosl.  Ameghiniana, 17: 193-199. (type description, Paranabradys)

-------- 1986.  Los Xenarthra fósiles de Argentina (Mammalia, Edentata). Simposio "Evolution de los vertebrados cenozoicos."  Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia (Mendoza, 1986), II: 151-156.

Scillato-Yané, G. J., M. A. Uliana and R. Pascual.  1976.  Un Megalonychidae (Edentata, Pilosa) del Plioceno de la Provincia de Rio Negro (Argentina). Su importacia bioestratigrafica y paleobiogeografica.  Actas VII do Congreso Geológico Argentino (Bahia Blance, 1975), 1: 579-591.

--------, A. A. Carlini, and S. F. Vizcaino.  1987.  Nuevo Nothrotheriinae (Edentata, Tardigrada) de Edad Chasiquense (Plioceno temprano) del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina).  Ameghiniana, 24: 211-215. (type description, Chasicobradys)

--------, S. F. Vizcaino, A. A. Carlini, and G. De Iuliis.  1993.  Sistemática y filogenia de los Tardigrada del Mioceno medio de Patagonia II: Megatheroidea.  Ameghiniana, 30: 112-113.

Scott, W. B.  1904.  Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds, Part 1.  Edentata.  Report of Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896-1899, 5: 161-364. (type description, Megalonychotherium)

Sefve, I.  1915a.  Ueber einen Scelidotherium-Schädelaus Tarija, Bolivia.  Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akadmiens Handlingar.  Stockholm, Bd., 53(4): 1-12.

-------- 1915b.  Scelidotherium-Reste aus Ulloma, Bolivia.  Bulletin of the Geological Institute of the University of Upsala, 13: 61-92.

Shaw, J. J. and R. Lainson.  1973.  Toxoplasmosis of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, in Brazil.  Journal of Parasitology, 59(1): 206-207.

Sherman, J. A.  1984.  Functional morphology of the forelimb in nothrotheriine sloths (Mammalia:  Xenarthra=Edentata).  Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago Microfilms, Chicago, 478 pp.

Sicher, H.  1944.  Masticatory apparatus of the sloths.  Fieldiana, Zoology 29:  161-168.

Simons, E. L. and H. L. Alexander, Jr.  1964.  Age of the Shasta ground sloth from Aden Crater, New Mexico.  American Antiquity, 29(3): 390-391.

Simons, E. L., L. R. Godfrey, W. L. Jungers, P. S. Chatrath, and B. Rakotosamimanana.  1992.  A new giant subfossil lemur, Babakotia, and the evolution of sloth lemurs.  Folia Primatologica, 58: 197-203.

Simpson, G. G.  1940.  Review of the mammal-bearing Tertiary of South America.  Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 83(5): 649-7-9.

-------- 1941.  A Miocene sloth from southern Chile.  American Museum Novitates, 1156: 1-6. (type description: Nematherium birdi)

Simpson, G. G. and C. de Paula Couto.  1981.  Fossil mammals from the Cenozoic of Acre, Brazil. III-Pleistocene Edentata Pilosa, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla.  Iheringia, 6: 11-73.

Sinclair, W. J.  1905.  New Mammalia from the Quaternary caves of California.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 4(7): 145-161.

-------- 1906.  Some edentate-like remains from the Mascall beds of Oregon.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 5(2): 65-66.

-------- 1910.  Dermal bones of Paramylodon from the asphaltum deposits of Rancho La Brea, near Los Angeles, California.  Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 49: 191-195.

Snowball, P.  1998.  Ground sloth survival proposed anew.  ISC Newsletter, 12(1): 1-5.

Sonta, S., I. Hayata, M. Sasaki and N. Kondo.  1980.  The karyotype and sex-determination mechanism in the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus.  Chromosome Information Service, 28: 15-17.

Spaulding, W. G., and P. S. Martin.  1979.  Ground sloth dung of the Guadalupe Mountains; pp. 259-269 In H. H. Genoways and R. J. Baker (eds.), Biological Investigations in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas.  National Park Service, Washington, D. C.

Spillman, F.  1948.  Beitrag zur Kenntnis eines neuen gravigraden Riesensteppentieres (Eremotherium carolinense gen. et spec. nov.), seines Lebensraumes und seiner Lebensweise.  Palaeobiologia (Wien), 8(3): 231-279. (Type description, Eremotherium & E. carolinense)

Springer, K. B. and E. Scott.  1994.  First record of late Pleistocene vertebrates from the Domenigoni Valley, Riverside County, California.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(3, Suppl.): 47.

Stafford, W.  1981.   A sloth humerus from Lompoc, California.  Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society, 13(9-10): 132-134.

Steadman, D. W., P. S. Martin, R. D. E. MacPhee, A. J. T. Jull, H. G. McDonald, C. A. Woods, M. Iturralde-Vinent and G. W. L. Hodgins.  2005.  Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(33): 11763-11768.

Stirton, R. A.  1953a.  Vertebrate paleontology and continental stratigraphy in Colombia.  Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 64: 603-622.

-------- 1953b.  A new genus of interatheres from the Miocene of Colombia.  University of California Publications, Bulleting of the Department of Geology, 29: 265-348.

--------  ?  Cenozoic mammal remains from the San Francisco Bay region.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, ?: 337-408.

Stock, C.  1913.  Nothrotherium and Megalonyx from the Pleistocene of southern California.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 7(17): 341-358.

-------- 1914a.  Skull and dentition of the mylodont sloths of Rancho La Brea.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 8: 319-334.

-------- 1914b.  The systematic position of the mylodont sloths from Rancho La Brea.  Science, 39(1012): 761-763.

-------- 1917a.  Recent studies of the skull and dentition of Nothrotherium from Rancho La Brea.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 10: 137-164.

-------- 1917b.  Further observation on the skull structure of the mylodont sloths from Rancho La Brea.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the the Department of Geology, 10: 165-178.

-------- 1917c.  Structure of the pes in Mylodon harlani.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 10(16): 267-286.

-------- 1917d.  Occurrence of Nothrotherium in Pleistocene cave deposits of California.  Geological Society of America Bulletin, 28: 233.

-------- 1920a.  A mounted skeleton of Mylodon harlani.  University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 12(6): 425-430.

-------- 1920b.  Origin of the supposed human footprints of Carson City, Nevada.  Science, 51(1325): 514.

-------- 1925.  Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea.  Carnegie Institute of Washington, 331: 1-206.

-------- 1931.  Problems of antiquity presented in Gypsum Cave, Nevada.  Scientific Monthly, 32: 22-32.

-------- 1936.  Sloth tracks in the Carson prison.  Westaways, 28(7): 26-27.

-------- 1942.  A ground sloth in Alaska.  Science, 95: 552-553.

-------- 1948.  Ground sloth Thinobadistes from the Pliocene of Florida.  Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 59(12): 1382.

-------- and Richards.  1949.  A Megalonyx tooth from the Northwest Territories, Canada.  Science, 1110: 709-710.

Stone, W. D.  1957.  The gestation period of the two-toed sloth.  Journal of Mammalogy, 38: 419.

Stovall, J. W.  1940.  Megalonyx hogani, a new species of ground sloth from Gould, Oklahoma.  American Journal of Science, 238: 140-146.

Studer, T.  1905.  Ueber neue Funde von Gripotherium [sic] listai Ameghino in der Eberhardtschöhle von Ultima Esperanza.  Neue Denkschr. der allgem. schwizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesamten Naturwissenschaften, 40(1): 1-18.

Suhm, R. W.  1978.  Preliminary investigation of the La Paloma mammoth site (late Pleistocene), Kenedy County, Texas. TAIUS, 11(1): 36.

Sunquist, F.  1986.  Secret energy of the sloth.  International Wildlife, 16(1): 4-11.

Sunquist, M. E. and G. G. Montgomery.  1973.  Activity patterns and rates of movement of two-toed and three-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infuscatus).  Journal of Mammalogy, 54(4): 946-954.


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